Continuous real‐time analysis of the isotopic composition of precipitation during tropical rain events: Insights into tropical convection          下载免费PDF全文

Shaoneng He  Nathalie F. Goodkin  Dominik Jackisch  Maria Rosabelle Ong  Dhrubajyoti Samanta 《水文研究》2018,32(11):1531-1545

To investigate stable isotopic variability of precipitation in Singapore, we continuously analysed the δ‐value of individual rain events from November 2014 to August 2017 using an online system composed of a diffusion sampler coupled to Cavity Ring‐Down Spectrometer. Over this period, the average value (δ¹⁸O_Avg), the lowest value (δ¹⁸O_Low), and the initial value (δ¹⁸O_Init) varied significantly, ranging from ?0.45 to ?15.54‰, ?0.9 to ?17.65‰, and 0 to ?13.13‰, respectively. All 3 values share similar variability, and events with low δ¹⁸O_Low and δ¹⁸O_Avg values have low δ¹⁸O_Init value. Individual events have limited intraevent variability in δ‐value (Δδ) with the majority having a Δδ below 4‰. Correlation of δ¹⁸O_Low and δ¹⁸O_Avg with δ¹⁸O_Init is much higher than that with Δδ, suggesting that convective activities prior to events have more control over δ‐value than on‐site convective activities. The d‐excess of events also varies considerably in response to the seasonal variation in moisture sources. A 2‐month running mean analysis of δ¹⁸O reveals clear seasonal and interannual variability. Seasonal variability is associated with the meridional movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and evolution of the Asian monsoon. El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a likely driver of interannual variability. During 2015–2016, the strongest El Niño year in recorded history, the majority of events have a δ¹⁸O value higher than the weighted average δ¹⁸O of daily precipitation. δ¹⁸O shows a positive correlation with outgoing longwave radiation in the western Pacific and the Asian monsoon region, and also with Oceanic Niño Index. During El Niño, the convection centre shifts eastward to the central/eastern Pacific, weakening convective activities in Southeast Asia. Our study shows that precipitation δ‐value contains information about El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which has a significant implication for the interpretation of water isotope data and understanding of hydrological processes in tropical regions.  相似文献   

A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux     

LongFei Chen  YangZhou Xiang  ZhiBin He  Jun Du  PengFei Lin  Xi Zhu 《寒旱区科学》2020,12(3):165-179

Soil CO_2 efflux, the second largest flux in a forest carbon budget, plays an important role in global carbon cycling. Forest logging is expected to have large effects on soil CO_2 efflux and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of soil CO_2 efflux dynamics in response to forest logging remains elusive due to large variability in results obtained across individual studies. Here, we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the results of 77 individual field studies to determine the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux. Our results reveal that forest logging significantly stimulated soil CO_2 efflux of the growing season by 5.02%. However, averaged across all studies, nonsignificant effect was detected following forest logging. The large variation among forest logging impacts was best explained by forest type, logging type, and time since logging. Soil CO_2 efflux in coniferous forests exhibited a significant increase(4.38%) due to forest logging, while mixed and hardwood forests showed no significant change. Logging type also had a significant effect on soil CO_2 efflux, with thinning increasing soil CO_2 efflux by 12.05%, while clear-cutting decreasing soil CO_2 efflux by 8.63%. The time since logging also had variable effects, with higher soil CO_2 efflux for 2 years after logging, and lower for 3-6 years after logging; when exceeded 6 years, soil CO_2 efflux increased. As significantly negative impacts of forest logging were detected on fine root biomass, the general positive effects on soil CO_2 efflux can be explained by the accelerated decomposition of organic matter as a result of elevated soil temperature and organic substrate quality. Our results demonstrate that forest logging had potentially negative effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.  相似文献   

使用宽频带地震记录研究2017年6月24日茂县新磨滑坡的动力学过程   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

黄兴辉  李正媛  余丹  许强  苏金蓉 《地球物理学报》2018,61(10):4055-4062

北京时间2017年6月24日5时39分左右，四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村发生大型岩质滑坡.体积约4.3×10⁶ m³的巨型岩体从山顶脱落，顺坡滑行约2.6 km后破碎沉积；碎屑物掩埋了整个新磨村，造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.本文使用来自滑坡周围的10个地震台站的宽频带观测资料的长周期信号反演了这次滑坡的受力时间函数；同时使用逐步细化的格点搜索方法得到了滑坡的位置，与其真实位置一致；根据反演的受力时间函数计算了滑坡过程中滑体的运动学参数，得到的滑体运动轨迹与实际路径吻合.综合分析地震信号、受力时间函数和运动学参数表明，本次滑坡主运动的持续时间约为79 s；脱落岩体在5∶38∶50.2启动后持续加速，在5∶39∶37.2达到速度峰值，约为52.1 m·s^-1；这段时间内岩体没有明显的破碎；之后，岩体开始铲刮并裹挟古滑坡造成的碎屑沉积物，自身也开始破碎解体，总体开始减速运动，直到5∶40∶9.2主运动停止；此后，小规模的碎屑散落又持续了约10 s的时间.  相似文献   

利用FG5绝对重力仪观测数据确定重力垂直梯度          下载免费PDF全文

宛家宽  罗志才  赵珞成 《地球物理学报》2018,61(1):119-126

本文建立了利用FG5实测数据求解重力垂直梯度的数据处理模型与算法.通过对多次自由落体实验的下落距离拟合残差叠加求均值，发现下落距离观测量中存在明显的有色噪声.通过对有色噪声的建模，并以剩余残差为依据选取可靠的下落时段，解算测站点的重力垂直梯度.利用本文所提出的数据处理方法分别对FG5-214绝对重力仪在两个测站上的观测数据进行处理，以相对重力仪测量的重力垂直梯度结果为参考值，本文处理得到的重力垂直梯度结果相比于未考虑有色噪声并依据经验选取下落时段的解算方法得到了显著改善.  相似文献   

天津港“8·12”爆炸事件记录波形分析          下载免费PDF全文

王晨辰  张盛中  杨晓瑜  张冰  李世鑫  刘敏 《地震工程学报》2018,40(1):130-138

利用天津地震台网23个短周期地震仪记录到的2015年8月12日天津港爆炸事件波形数据,对事件进行初步分析和研究。分别使用能量包络线法和波形匹配法,共识别出4次爆炸事件,并结合波形互相关的主事件定位法对爆炸事件进行定位。分析结果表明:第一次爆炸发生的时间为2015年8月12日23时34分4秒,1.77s后发生了规模更大的二号爆炸事件;34.11s后又发生了最强的三号爆炸事件;86.33s再一次发生了能量较弱的四号爆炸事件,其中二号与三号爆炸事件相距65~70m,二号与四号事件相距160~170m。此外,通过选用爆破、矿塌、核爆和天然地震等不同类型事件的波形数据,从时间域和频率域分别对这些事件进行对比分析,发现其震相特征表现出明显差异。  相似文献   

逆时偏移在声反射成像测井中的应用方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

李雨生  李宁  武宏亮  王克文  冯周  刘鹏 《地球物理学报》2020,63(4):1705-1714

声反射成像测井中常用的基于射线理论的Kirchhoff积分偏移算法和基于单程波理论的F-K偏移算法均可实现井旁缝洞反射体的快速偏移成像,但其仅适用于地层垂向变化较弱的速度场和高陡角裂缝的偏移成像,无法实现低角度反射体的准确偏移归位,产生偏移假象误导测井解释.逆时偏移基于全波动方程,可适应强垂向变化速度场,实现近似水平反射体的偏移成像.本文详细分析了将逆时偏移应用于声反射成像测井时存在的数据准备、时间采样间隔匹配和成像条件改进等若干问题,通过设置多组理论模型来说明算法对井旁不同反射体的识别能力.模拟资料和实际资料处理结果证实,较F-K偏移算法,逆时偏移算法成像精度更高、收敛性更好,可有效实现近似水平构造偏移归位.改进的归一化互相关成像条件可解决深部地层的远井壁成像衰减问题,降低测井解释的多解性.逆时偏移将成为声反射成像测井高精度偏移技术的发展方向.  相似文献   

Using visibility analysis to improve point density and processing time of SfM-MVS techniques for 3D reconstruction of landforms     

Álvaro Gómez-Gutiérrez  Trent Biggs  Napoleon Gudino-Elizondo  Paz Errea  Esteban Alonso-González  Estela Nadal Romero  José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(11):2524-2539

Image network geometry, including the number and orientation of images, impacts the error, coverage, and processing time of 3D terrain mapping performed using structure-from-motion and multiview-stereo (SfM-MVS). Few studies have quantified trade-offs in error and processing time or ways to optimize image acquisition in diverse topographic conditions. Here, we determine suitable camera locations for image acquisition by minimizing the occlusion produced by topography. Viewshed analysis is used to select the suitable images, which requires a preliminary digital elevation model (DEM), potential camera locations, and sensor parameters. One aerial and two ground-based image collections were used to analyse differences between SfM-MVS models produced using: (1) all available images (ALL); (2) images selected using conventional methods (CON); and (3) images selected using the viewshed analysis (VIEW). The resulting models were compared with benchmark point clouds acquired by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and TLS-derived DEMs. The VIEW datasets produced denser point clouds (28–32% more points) and DEMs with up to 66% reduction in error compared with CON datasets due to reduction of gaps in the DEM. VIEW datasets reduced processing time by 37–76% compared with ALL, with no reduction in coverage or increase in error. DEMs produced with ALL and VIEW datasets had similar slope and roughness, while slight differences that may be locally important were observed for the CON dataset. The new method helps optimize SfM-MVS image collection strategies that significantly reduce the number of images required with minimal loss in coverage or accuracy over complex surfaces. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Water transport and tracer mixing in volcanic ash soils at a tropical hillslope: A wet layered sloping sponge     

Giovanny M. Mosquera  Patricio Crespo  Lutz Breuer  Jan Feyen  David Windhorst 《水文研究》2020,34(9):2032-2047

Andosol soils formed in volcanic ash provide key hydrological services in montane environments. To unravel the subsurface water transport and tracer mixing in these soils we conducted a detailed characterization of soil properties and analyzed a 3-year data set of sub-hourly hydrometric and weekly stable isotope data collected at three locations along a steep hillslope. A weakly developed (52–61 cm depth), highly organic andic (Ah) horizon overlaying a mineral (C) horizon was identified, both showing relatively similar properties and subsurface flow dynamics along the hillslope. Soil moisture observations in the Ah horizon showed a fast responding (few hours) “rooted” layer to a depth of 15 cm, overlying a “perched” layer that remained near saturated year-round. The formation of the latter results from the high organic matter (33–42%) and clay (29–31%) content of the Ah horizon and an abrupt hydraulic conductivity reduction in this layer with respect to the rooted layer above. Isotopic signatures revealed that water resides within this soil horizon for short periods, both at the rooted (2 weeks) and perched (4 weeks) layer. A fast soil moisture reaction during rainfall events was also observed in the C horizon, with response times similar to those in the rooted layer. These results indicate that despite the perched layer, which helps sustain the water storage of the soil, a fast vertical mobilization of water through the entire soil profile occurs during rainfall events. The latter being the result of the fast transmissivity of hydraulic potentials through the porous matrix of the Andosols, as evidenced by the exponential shape of the water retention curves of the subsequent horizons. These findings demonstrate that the hydrological behavior of volcanic ash soils resembles that of a “layered sponge,” in which vertical flow paths dominate.  相似文献   

Quick Phase Identification for Dense Seismic Array with Aid from Long Term Phase Records of Co-located Sparse Permanent Stations     

CHEN Yini  LI Jun  WANG Zhenjie  ZHAO Mengqi  YU Tiehong  LI Danning  YU Junyi  WANG Weitao 《中国地震研究》2020,34(3):328-342

The phase identification and travel time picking are critical for seismic tomography, yet it will be challenging when the numbers of stations and earthquakes are huge. We here present a method to quickly obtain P and S travel times of pre-determined earthquakes from mobile dense array with the aid from long term phase records from co-located permanent stations. The records for 1 768 M ≥ 2.0 events from 2011 to 2013 recorded by 350 ChinArray stations deployed in Yunnan Province are processed with an improved AR-AIC method utilizing cumulative envelope and rectilinearity. The reference arrivals are predicted based on phase records from 88 permanent stations with similar spatial coverage, which are further refined with AR-AIC. Totally, 718 573 P picks and 512 035 S picks are obtained from mobile stations, which are 28 and 22 times of those from permanent stations, respectively. By comparing the automatic picks with manual picks from 88 permanent stations, for M ≥ 3.0 events, 81.5% of the P-pick errors are smaller than 0.5 second and 70.5% of S-pick errors are smaller than 1 second. For events with a lower magnitude, 76.5% P-pick errors fall into 0.5 second and 69.5% S-pick errors are smaller than 1 second. Moreover, the Pn and Sn phases are easily discriminated from directly P/S, indicating the necessity of combining traditional auto picking and integrating machine learning method.  相似文献   

Semantic and syntactic interoperability in online processing of big Earth observation data     

Martin Sudmanns  Dirk Tiede  Stefan Lang  Andrea Baraldi 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2018,11(1):95-112

ABSTRACT

The challenge of enabling syntactic and semantic interoperability for comprehensive and reproducible online processing of big Earth observation (EO) data is still unsolved. Supporting both types of interoperability is one of the requirements to efficiently extract valuable information from the large amount of available multi-temporal gridded data sets. The proposed system wraps world models, (semantic interoperability) into OGC Web Processing Services (syntactic interoperability) for semantic online analyses. World models describe spatio-temporal entities and their relationships in a formal way. The proposed system serves as enabler for (1) technical interoperability using a standardised interface to be used by all types of clients and (2) allowing experts from different domains to develop complex analyses together as collaborative effort. Users are connecting the world models online to the data, which are maintained in a centralised storage as 3D spatio-temporal data cubes. It allows also non-experts to extract valuable information from EO data because data management, low-level interactions or specific software issues can be ignored. We discuss the concept of the proposed system, provide a technical implementation example and describe three use cases for extracting changes from EO images and demonstrate the usability also for non-EO, gridded, multi-temporal data sets (CORINE land cover).  相似文献